In this article we reflect on the evolution of ice-fishing practices at Mille Lacs. Social learning took place largely outside the sphere of government and spurred substantial technological and institutional innovation. The study elaborates on the way in which unique patterns of networks, informal institutions and social learning environments delineate options for social learning that are more likely to succeed, to lead to implementation. The history of social learning on lake Mille Lacs showed that new formal institutions are not necessarily the best sites for social learning, and that forms of innovation and modes of learning cannot be separated. Interdependence and shared goals, and flexibility in role distribution appear as success factors. The diversity of learning sites in a community should not be understood as a problem, as an obstacle to central steering and education by government: it enables the community to adapt and survive.
The article can be found on the website of Land Use Policy

Governing protected areas, like national parks, often entails dealing with competing claims. A wide variety of stakeholders, including park managers, governments, NGO’s, land owners and entrepreneurs is involved. Each of them with different and and often conflicting interest and ambitions. Drawing upon studies made in the past years on the Veluwe (The Netherlands) and the Danube Delta (Romania, Ukraine) and including experiences for elsewhere different governance arrangements that are used to deal with the multiple use of land were elobared. Particular attention was given to the way in which specific patterns of path -and interdependencies shape both the present situation and the reform options within a particular situation. The aim of the presentation was to show that succesfull governance arrangements depend on the specific context (cultural, political, economic, legal) of the area, to show how Evolutionary Governance Theory can help to get an sustained understanding of this context and that arrangements will only work temporarily and need to be adapted sooner a later. The later requiring a constant state of vigilance, flexibility and possibilities for (self) reflection. 




